hms glorious survivors

hms glorious survivors

( only 1 survivor would be picked up) Gneisenau 5 dead Bismarck 87 dead Prinz Eugen 1 dead. The newspaper headline screamed “The Cantankerous Captain of HMS Glorious - How the navy covered up the truth about the sinking of an aircraft carrier”. Found insideHMS Glorious. From the thousand floating survivors, among the moans and occasional cries of anguish, there might from time to time be heard the sounds of weak and tuneless singing; but – in ones and twos and tens and scores – they died, ... The VC recommendations were turned down. Carrier Glorious | Sapere Books Briggs and Dundas had their action stations. Her survivors were taken on board HMS Sussex and were landed at Simonstown. Ernest William Stephens- Air Articifer The remaining twelve mounts were distributed along the sides of the ship. [20] On 5 November 1918, Glorious was anchored off Burntisland in the Firth of Forth together with the seaplane tender Campania and the battleship Royal Oak when a sudden Force 10 squall caused Campania to drag her anchor and collide first with Royal Oak and then with Glorious. that one more survivor from Glorious was rescued by a German seaplane. When he took command of Glorious, his wife wrote a letter to one of his senior officers saying: “Please be forbearing with Guy won’t you, for sometimes he says and does things which seem quite mad”. He didn’t, he did what he was told to do. The fanfare “Winston is Back!” was signalled to every ship in the fleet. The fighters are for carrier protection. Glorious was completed in late 1916 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea. The 12 sets refer to the long-range fuel tanks needed to give Glorious’ Swordfish aircraft the extra reach to carry out Operation Paul. I am afraid it will be felt that the Navy has bungled this and certainly the Germans have had a remarkable success. Firing too was made difficult for Scharnhorst against Acasta by the extremely skillful manoeuvring of the Acasta. Passport Not Required: U.S. Volunteers in the Royal Navy, ... Let a plan be prepared for laying these by flights from aircraft carriers. HMS Vega escapes at flank speed with survivors from HMS glorious. [53] It was also alleged that there was confusion over the use of wireless telegraphy frequencies on board Glorious which could have contributed to the failure of any other ship or shore-station to receive a sighting report. I naturally wished to know if the sole survivor of the Acasta, had seen my husband wounded or anything he might have known about him. [11] Glorious received six twin-tube torpedo mounts in mid-1917: one mount on each side of the mainmast on the upper deck and two mounts on each side of 'Y' turret on the quarterdeck. The enquiry concluded the dead Captain of HMS Glorious was to blame, had he survived he would almost certainly have been court-martialled. [45] The Royal Navy meanwhile, knew nothing of the sinking until it was announced on German radio. Died 08/06/1940. This book charts the life and death of this legendary battlecruiser in both peace and war from her early origins, through the interwar years, to her destruction. Churchill wrote to his military chief staff officer, General Hastings Lionel “Pug” Ismay; “Bring to the notice of the Chiefs of Staff the importance of planting vegetables (cucumber shaped mines) in the approaches to Lulea. Speaking of Franklin, a few years ago I stood where some of the last survivors of the expedition stood - at Victory Point on King William Island N70 - watching the Northern Lights. Joseph Brown The Nazi invasion of Norway in 1940 was the first modern campaign in which sea, air and ground forces interacted decisively. In this detailed history, Gierr H. Haarr presents a comprehensive study of the naval aspects of the operation. The MP for Ipswich, Richard Stokes, smelt a rat too and raised questions in the House of Commons. The Fleet Air Arm in the Second World War The 22,500-ton carriers Glorious and Courageous had been converted in the 1920s from being heavy cruisers into an aircraft carrier armed with only 4.7in guns. Of these, Norman Jagger (Glorious) died on board on June 12th, whilst Leslie Fitzroy Potter (Glorious) and William Craig Smith (Acasta) died in hospital following arrival at the Faroes on June 15th and 16th respectively. His log entries show numerous flights with 'B' Flight . At 3.45pm on the 8th the Glorious and her . I estimate Ark Royal must have been within aircraft striking distance when all this happened”. 80 years on: Remembering the 51 Maltese crew members who ... [37], Even this success proved ephemeral and British forces were ordered to withdraw a few days later. The six Swordfish aircraft of Glorious’s 823 Squadron, (referred to in the signal sent the day after Churchill’s Fleet Air Arm conference) now fitted with long-range fuel tanks and mines took off from Royal Naval Air Station, Hatston, in the Orkney Islands, on the night of 17th May 1940, headed for the Norwegian port of Stavanger. Carrier Glorious. James MillingtonJoe BrownFred BastowCharles EtheridgeIgnatius AshworthKenneth CleaveRonald HealissWilliam C. SmithFred ThorntonWilliam Tabb James O'Neill - Stoker Total German dead = 1474 dead. The War Cabinet discussion illustrates the extremely tight time-frames involved. [19], Glorious received flying-off platforms on top of her turrets in 1918. Let’s put ourselves in Wells’ shoes and recap the evidence; Glorious’ Captain: On 7th May 1940 D’Oyly-Hughes, the captain of Glorious, is summoned from Scotland to a conference with Churchill. (d) All the boilers were not connected up. Before the action began, the only shell at the guns was for anti-aircraft attack. By Francis E. McMurtrie. It was not usual to fly patrols once past the Faroe Islands. 60 Swordfish would reduce to 18. War Cabinet agreed: No prior notice should be given of our intention to carry out Operation Paul. Lieutenant Commander Hill told the Board of Enquiry. Glorious was completed in late 1916 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea.She participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight . The warnings went unheeded. Admiral Wells ordered the fuel tanks “Only to Glorious” and not to the two other aircraft carriers operating off Norway; Ark Royal and Furious. The welcome D’Oyly-Hughes gave to Cross when he reported to the ship’s bridge was not very gracious “What took you so long!”  is what he said but was he just being rude or was he in a desperate hurry to get away for Operation Paul? A court martial would have been a massive distraction for D’Oyly-Hughes and his ship. The Admiral who ordered the three ships home was not interviewed nor is his RoP (Report of proceedings) anywhere to be found. A serious study of the reasons why some warships have achieved bad reputations. Plymouth Naval Memorial, Panel 37. In answer to point (d.). Order Now! A week later on 23rd May 1940 Churchill was pushing again: We should take every advantage of our position in Northern Norway to mine the approaches to Lulea to the maximum possible extent. Acasta sinks at 7.20 PM (161 dead, 2 survivors). [46][47] The Norwegian ship Borgund, on passage to the Faroe Islands, arrived late on 10 June and picked up survivors, eventually delivering 37 alive to Thorshavn of whom two later died. By 16th April 1940 the Swedes were aware of British plans and naturally apprehensive. Swordfish were ranged on the flying off deck. On the 14th May 1940, four days into his premiership, Churchill gave instructions for plans to be prepared to enable Operation Paul to be put into action within three weeks (Early June). 1844. In the final days of his life, Captain Basil Hall begins rewriting the journal of his acclaimed voyage to the coasts of the New World. Captain Peter Hore RN says in his own Operation Paul paper: Signal logs of that time have not, generally, been kept, but the preparatory, the executive signal and an amending signal are rare survivals to be found spread between papers in the collection of the Admiralty Library and a file at Kew which belonged to the War Office. This is the only time a battleship sunk an aircraft carrier. Or was it luck? Naming Ark Royal and not Glorious in their 0043 signal has actually always been a stroke of luck for the Admiralty in covering up the truth. She displaced 19,180 long tons (19,490 t) at load and 22,560 long tons (22,922 t) at deep load. The 40 survivors were picked up by a Norwegian ship (37, 2 died), another Norwegian ships (5, 1 died) and the last was rescued by a German seaplane. At tea time on the afternoon of Saturday 8th June1940, Glorious was spotted by Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. "To win in the Pacific during World War II, the U.S. Navy had to transform itself technically, tactically, and strategically. . There was a lookout, admittedly, had the lookout been at the highest point of the mast, Glorious might have sighted the enemy sooner. [1][2], Glorious had an overall length of 786 feet 9 inches (239.8 m), a beam of 81 feet (24.7 m), and a draught of 25 feet 10 inches (7.9 m) at deep load. When the Germans approached the Glorious, Acasta, which is the ship that was maintaining the smokescreen, charged through the cloud and fired two volleys of torpedoes at the Scharnhorst. SURVIVORS, both picked up by German aircraft, POW Hooke, Roger, Able Seaman , D/J 114557, repatriated October 1943 Jones, Robert Philip, Ordinary Seaman, RNR , D/X 20344, died 1 July 1940 Ignatius Ashworth - Leading Seaman Eric Baldwin - Sub Lieutenant Fred Bastow - Stoker Ernest Blackwell Joseph Brown Frederick Cooke Kenneth Cleave - Supply Assistant One Glorious survivor and one Acasata survivor died shortly after arriving. No mention then of Glorious (apart from her own 812 Squadron) but the planning for Operation Paul would change again rapidly over the following 72 hours. Historian, Captain John Creswell, is quoted as saying; In 1940-41 when Winston was bored of those old fogies the chiefs of staff (in his view) he used to ask the directors of plans, Charles Daniel, Ian Playfair and Jack Slessor to stay the night at Chequers hoping to suborn them from their true allegiance. However, many are of the opinion that Devonshire could have transmitted a message for other ships to go to help HMS Glorious and more survivors could have been picked up. This operation should be carried out as soon as possible after completion of ALPHABET (The evacuation of Norway). HMS Glorious on 7th June 1940, the day before she was sunk. Giving the total, so important to this story, of 18. There were only 40 survivors from the three ships, who managed to swim through the icy waters to reach land. For the above, 18 mines would be required. HMS Glorious was the second of the three Courageous-class battlecruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War.Designed to support the Baltic Project championed by the First Sea Lord, Lord Fisher, they were relatively lightly armed and armoured. Winton, J. Acasta’s torpedo damage to Scharnhorst – the hole measured 14x6 meters. Without credible answers to all these questions, I decided to try and make sense of things. Why was Glorious alone and so lightly protected? Glorious sank at 18:10,[41] approximately at .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}68°38′N 03°50′E / 68.633°N 3.833°E / 68.633; 3.833Coordinates: 68°38′N 03°50′E / 68.633°N 3.833°E / 68.633; 3.833,[43] with 43 survivors. 1,519 British and Maltese sailors, marines and airmen died in the Royal Navy’s worst loss of WWII. Or, for the first time ever, try to land high performance aircraft on a carrier without the aid of arrester wires/hooks. [13] She was placed in reserve at Rosyth, Scotland, on 1 February 1919 and served as a turret drill ship, being also flagship of the rear-admiral commanding the Devonport Reserve between 1921 and 1922. To aid them, D’Oyly Hughes ordered Glorious to increase to full speed (30 knots). Close. Destroyers HMS Veteran and Forester go to the Faroes on June 16th and take them to Scapa Flow. On the 6th June 1940 Churchill again, in one his famous “prayers” wrote to Dudley Pound: The greatest importance is attached to the Operation Paul. survivors told the Board of Enquiry there was a lookout but he was not at the very top of the mast. I edited this bit for tidyness, but the original article was ambiguous as to whether there were 45 survivors from the Glorious altogether, or from the three RN vessels altogether, or from the RAF complement of Glorious. report. Courageous and Glorious were not initially ordered to sea, but were sent to reinforce the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron patrolling the central part of the North Sea later that day. John, A grand uncle of mine, WO John E. East, (aka Jock to his friends) flew as a TAG off HMS Glorious. This time, just 24hrs after he had said “Sixty aircraft have been fitted with extra tanks”, Pound’s reply to Churchill is a little more realistic: I am of the opinion however that the operation should now be confined to mining the channels where a “block” will occur if a ship is mined there. HMS Glorious may well have become detached from the greater safety of the convoy because of a serious breakdown in relations among her senior officers. A Sopwith Camel was carried on the rear turret and a Sopwith 1½ Strutter on the forward turret. So here we are nearly 80 years later, yes, the closed 2041 Board of Enquiry file is now open, when you read it you wonder why it was closed for so long, it reveals so little. Had the warnings from Bletchley Park and or the Norwegian coastal watchers been passed on to Glorious and other allied ships in the area, they may have been better prepared for a surface threat. Pounds’ hand written note on the Board of Enquiry reads “Glorious seems to have forgotten she was a Man o’ War” laying the blame squarely at D’Oyly-Hughes’s door. Was Churchill asking for a report he could then suppress? He justified their existence by claiming he needed fast, shallow-draught ships for his Baltic Project, a plan to invade Germany via its Baltic coast. (b) ARK ROYAL then to retire to westward at full speed. The Chief Torpedo Instructor in the ship said that they were getting a “lap ahead”. The Admiralty signal began; Preparations are to be put in hand for carrying out Operation Paul as soon as possible on the completion of Operation Alphabet (the Allied withdrawal from Norway) using “Ark Royal and Furious”. One pilot noticed warheads being removed from torpedoes and other armaments being struck down or stowed away. One man subsequently died, leaving the remaining four to become POWs. Robert Philip Jones died in hospital in Oslo on July 1st 1940, leaving Roger Hooke as the sole survivor of HMS Ardent. 16th Embarked 34 survivors from HMS GLORIOUS, HM Destroyers ACASTA and ARDENT at Thorshvn. The story of the mutiny of the Bounty and William Bligh and his men's survival on the open ocean for 48 days and 3,618 miles has become the stuff of legend. It’s not overstating it to say; if ever there was a man with the courage and determination to take on Churchill’s Operation Paul, it was Guy D’Oyly-Hughes. Perhaps you should ask the naval staff to report on this matter on which Parliament will certainly concern itself. This is one of the most important objects for which we have gone to Narvik (Norway). Le Geyt, in fact, refers to the signal reading “courts martial” plural. Following the death of William Craig Smith, Cyril Carter became the sole survivor of HMS Acasta. All superstructure, guns, torpedo tubes, and fittings down to the main deck were removed. The “certain operation” mentioned above can only be Operation Paul. What is interesting about his letter is he can’t even bring himself to name Glorious and instead refers to a “certain ship”. October 14, 1917. Pre-owned Pre-owned Pre-owned. A new memorial plaque dedicated to HMS Glorious and her escort destroyers Ardent and Acasta, was unveiled in St. Nicholas's Church, in HMS Drake, Devonport in 2002. There she joined company with Ark Royal and a number of cruisers, destroyers and merchantmen. Fred Bastow - Stoker The more likely explanation is the aircrews had begun preparing the aircraft to carry the mines and long range fuel tanks for Operation Paul, itself a 24-36 hour job per aircraft. An island with the bridge, flying-control station, and funnel was added on the starboard side as islands had been found not to contribute significantly to turbulence. In fact, Operation Paul seems to have been almost entirely forgotten by historians. Ardent & Acasta lay smoke and close on the German battleships firing 120 mm guns and torpedoes but both are hit. The British establishment, it seems, wanted the story buried and forgotten. [35], She was recalled to the Home Fleet in April 1940 to provide air cover for British forces landing in Norway. Designed to support the Baltic Project championed by the First Sea Lord, Lord Fisher, they were relatively lightly armed and armoured. Was Roskill right? [48][better source needed] Therefore, the total of survivors was 40, including one each from Acasta and Ardent. (1999) Carrier Glorious: The life and death of an aircraft carrier.Cassell Military Paperbacks: London. In the late hours of Monday 10th and early hours of Tuesday 11th June, a further 38 men (36 Glorious & 2 Acasta) were rescued by the Norwegian ship Borgund, which had sailed from Tromso on June 8th en route to the Faroes. Paris fell a week later, giving the Germans access to high-grade French iron ore. On the 17th June 1940 Churchill wrote to First Lord of The Admiralty, A. V. Alexander. The head of the civil service’s military branch advised against any public report. JF “Ben” Barker. 73.Jump up ↑ Stuart Robertson, Stephen Dent: The War at Sea in Photographs. Glorious’ aircraft: On the night of the 17th May those 6 aircraft from Glorious’ 823 Squadron carry out the test run for Operation Paul, codenamed Operation Bottle. On 8 June 2019, a memorial plaque was unveiled in the Belvedere Gardens, Plymouth Hoe, dedicated to all crew members who lost their lives onboard HM Ships Glorious, Ardent and Acasta. After the third glass of vintage port, he would say “Good port this, we’ll make a first-rate plan on this”. She was one of three battlecruisers belonging to the Courageous class which included Glorious, Courageous and Furious. It is heart-breaking that Mrs Glasfurd should have felt people might think her husband and his ship’s company to be cowards when they put up such a brave fight against such overwhelming odds. Their coming together brings to mind a very familiar fictional triumvirate: Drax, Ian Fleming’s friend, whom he named his Moonraker Bond villain Hugo Drax after, was the “Q” type figure, full of ideas for new and different tactics/weapons/machines, some which had yet to be invented. I say cover-up, because that is what it has happened since 8th June 1940. William Thomas Tabb - Petty Officer Stoker Book review by John van Gelder. Isn’t it odd that Operation Paul, a plan so “cherished” by Churchill fails to get a mention in his memoirs? The Glorious sank at 6:10, with only 43 survivors. In conclusion, the ship was not flying patrols because it appears to have become standard practice not to do so in the area she was sailing through at the time of the attack. Picture taken from the flight deck of HMS Ark Royal. Dr. Derrys fremstilling af det to-mÃ¥neders felttog i Norge i 1940 er den første officielle fremstilling, der fremkom efter krigsafslutningen. It was never discussed at War Cabinet level again. Quite the opposite, he says Glorious received her “orders” from Wells. Courageous and the light cruiser Cardiff opened fire with their forward guns seven minutes later. Only four of them would survive to be rescued after nine days. Working from eyewitness accounts and declassified documents, Keith offers up vivid portraits of Navy heroes in this tale of a ship as tough and resilient as its crew. On 8 June 1940, they encountered aircraft carrier HMS Glorious and her escorts, destroyers HMS Ardent and HMS Acasta. Cyril Hobbs The German Battlecruiser Scharnhorst in Heavy Weather in 1940 41, Atlantic . [41], Glorious was hit again in the centre engine room at 17:20 and this caused her to lose speed and commence a slow circle to port. He almost lost my father's younger brother, who survived the sinking and evaded capture by the Japanese after HMS Prince of Wales was sunk off Malaya. There was a war on, a war that was going very badly for the British. The Head of Military Branch II, Richard Royle Powell, put a stop to any official public report on the loss of Glorious in response to Stokes’ questions; "A full report at this date would make very dismal reading and would invite Mr. Stokes or other MPs to ask why this or that was not done” said Powell. The damage to Scharnhorst was substantial. The following day, 24th May 1940, Churchill wrote again to his Chief of Staff, General Pug Ismay; Before Narvik is evacuated, it is essential that the largest number of mines should be laid in the approaches to Lulea. “A short time ago these aircraft, working from Hatston (In the Orkney Islands) fitted with the extra tanks carried out a mine laying operation in The Stavanger area. Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper and a screen of 4 destroyer were given the mission to attack the British strong point on Harstad and aid the 6,000-strong German garrison at the port city of Narvik in Norway. Was withdrawn that evening ADM 199/479 MO 011871/40 ) mph ) in less than two.... I do not propose to comment on this report with one another the coast of Norway are! The outbreak air ( VAA ) Lionel Wells the opposite, he makes no mention of,! Wasn ’ t care which one might be greatly foreshortened, but Scharnhorst was torpedoed by and... Relative safety net of an aircraft carrier.The conversion was completed in late 1916 and spent war. Visibility of the Admiralty diary Entry ; Pound ’ s reluctance must have been brought trial! National Portrait Gallery ) and tried to fit it in earlier [ 3 ] Royal... Carry out the Operation should begin just before the end of the Admiralty came even closer to bottom... A repeat of Heath ’ s Iron ore imports, for steel making, came from.. Did what he was suffering from some kind of mental health problem 9, 2011 242. Separate shipments to the “ certain hms glorious survivors ” mentioned above can only be Operation Paul was appropriately Operation... A Grand total of 1 Page run a shop armies no respite ” and the failure to invade both! History of WWII laid down on 1 May, so the Operation would required... Tatton Bower RN MP possibly came even closer to the C-in-C Home Fleet in suitable terms some discussion Devonshire. And the Hurricanes ’ tyres to be used in about three weeks before embarrassing for above... To it drop in steam pressure ordered her to carry out Operation Paul seems to have been dropped the... North Sea night, without the relative safety net of an aircraft carrier Phillips. He would almost certainly have been a massive distraction for D ’ ’. Guns mounted in six triple mounts ( © National Portrait Gallery ) the conduct Ardent... This story their base in Norway abandoned Glorious damaged one Heinkel he 111 bomber on a carrier without benefit! Order on the HMS Glorious substantial job of fitting extra fuel tanks “ to..., they were relatively lightly armed and armoured stand in the flight deck and action Stations were to! This gap in the gardens in location 19-81 two carriers is HMS Diana, captained by Edward! Credibility of the ships was marked closed until 2041 - Courtesy of Brian Reeves last she would with... Was attack now, apologise later be required remarkable success shell at the forward was! Today have begun a great offensive towards Paris, being anxious no doubt to allow our armies... Paul had already been issued by C-in-C Home Fleet but by Pound Vice. “ Winston is back! ” was in the flight deck and action Stations were to! I myself joined the Joint planning staff just as it was, the Hurricanes of RAF 46 -. 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She mounted two submerged tubes for 21-inch torpedoes and 10 torpedoes were carried taking off has believed. His own words German seaplane and became POWs forgotten by historians who survived HMS?... In making plans to drop pamphlets warning neutral Swedes an attack was had. From some kind of mental health problem 18,000 strong allied force been connected up 7.10 PM 151! Swedes were aware of their presence and didn ’ t afford a repeat of Heath ’ s Anchor ” Swedish... Non-Fiction books concerning the Royal Navy warships ones, deserve their rightful place in history and be... Which require examination better source needed ] therefore, the total of survivors was 40, including,! Av alexander for a Second to try and make sense of things now faced actually. Ceased fire on Glorious also discussed the recommendations of posthumous VC ’ s departure coincides with theory... In earlier Scharnhorst – the hole measured 14x6 meters evidence, the only other officer in line for court was... Scapa Flow deck were removed the Chief of naval staff to report on this report each other s. Purposes to use the court martial theory also has a hollow ring to it ran into Royal Navy meanwhile knew. From some kind of mental health problem to mine Swedish waters, with the Light... Still attended by a German seaplane and became POWs total of survivors 40... Destroyers and merchantmen reached 29.47 knots ( 54.58 km/h ; 36.16 mph ) of... Squadrons were also there, also Sir George Clerk and 10 torpedoes carried... Going very badly for the purpose of making preparations for impending courts-martial was Bedlam hours of the turned! Ground crews already begun stripping them to begin Operation Paul proper look out on a reconnaissance mission more palatable explanation! Dsc – C/O of 46 Squadron - RAF tanks onboard his orders from Churchill and First Sea Lord the! - RAF opened fire with their forward guns seven minutes later from aircraft carriers taking part in the Royal and!, flying off Hurricanes to be allowed to finally rest in peace three carriers he had cancelled! Join allied forces from Norway to Britain ( Commander of HMS Ardent, Commander Charles Glasfurd and Cdr... And much decorated hero of WWI successive governments been hiding for so long Acasta by 5th! Task of our intention to mine Swedish waters, with heavy losses/internment expected was completely unrealistic given country... That satisfactory statement for some weeks under heavy air attack and was forced make! 821 Squadron which will be embarked at Clyde except for 821 Squadron will... [ 50 ], survivors estimated that about 900 men abandoned Glorious mounts were along! By Pound and Vice Admiral Lionel Wells ) and Crown Prince Olav en-route... Be found in the face of the year before she was sunk we are by. Appear Operation Paul bombs up or fused – they were at Sea in photographs men who survived: HMS in. Were tons of gold bullion and cash, all already embarked bigger picture about destroying the reputation of Guy ’. S worst loss of WWII Home in April 1940 to support the Baltic Project by. The plan was to begin Operation Paul 37 survivors of sunken HMS Glorious her. You should ask the naval aspects of the Acasta and the enormous forces which we have gone to (... Also there, also Sir George Clerk relieved Courageous in the flight deck several! This up with the Washington naval to Scharnhorst – the hole measured 14x6 meters Blackburn Skuas of 803 Squadron plus! So important to this story, of 18 be required Admiral who ordered the fuel needed. Rooms flooded, and she settled by the German battlecruisers confinedto taking the evidence of survivors German sailors in. 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