# fifth state of matter

## fifth state of matter

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μ + f In this limit, the gas is classical. Experimenters have also realized "optical lattices", where the interference pattern from overlapping lasers provides a periodic potential. A fifth state of matter, known as a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), has been created in the microgravity of the International Space Station for the first time. If the particles are indistinguishable, however, there are only N+1 different configurations. Gallery: SpaceX launches 58 Starlink satellites and 3 Planet SkySats, nails rocket landing (Live Science). . Superfluid helium-4 is a liquid rather than a gas, which means that the interactions between the atoms are relatively strong; the original theory of Bose–Einstein condensation must be heavily modified in order to describe it. [20] which can be freely used. n If one relaxes any of these assumptions, the equation for the condensate wavefunction acquires the terms containing higher-order powers of the wavefunction. n = = So, if {\displaystyle P=gn^{2}/2} 2 = − . . Suppose now that the energy of state 0 3 In fact, many properties of superfluid helium also appear in gaseous condensates created by Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle (see below). α singly charged vortices, indicating that these multiply charged vortices are unstable to decay. = N {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \sum _{n>0}Cp^{n}=p/(1-p)} = 1 ). [42] The slightest interaction with the external environment can be enough to warm them past the condensation threshold, eliminating their interesting properties and forming a normal gas. ) the energy is approximated by. c While helium was the first boson to achieve this fifth state of matter, it has since been reproduced for gases, molecules, quasi-particles and even photons. {\displaystyle \ell =1} n N f 0 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle |0\rangle } / and ℏ restored by dimensional analysis, it gives the critical temperature formula of the preceding section. From this point on, any extra particle added will go into the ground state. n {\displaystyle \scriptstyle |1\rangle } ⟨ λ In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, at temperatures less than 2.17 K (the lambda point). As in many other systems, vortices can exist in BECs. g v T [29] Carl Wieman explained that under current atomic theory this characteristic of Bose–Einstein condensate could not be explained because the energy state of an atom near absolute zero should not be enough to cause an implosion; however, subsequent mean field theories have been proposed to explain it. is slightly greater than the energy of state λ ( In a solid, particles are packed tightly together so they don't move much. 1 {\displaystyle \psi ({\vec {r}})} For example, the logarithmic term ≈ Provided essentially all atoms are in the condensate (that is, have condensed to the ground state), and treating the bosons using mean field theory, the energy (E) associated with the state 2 [51], Bose–Einstein condensates composed of a wide range of isotopes have been produced. 0 The areas appearing white and light blue are at the lowest velocities. 0 Next, you measure its total mass with a highly sensitive measuring apparatus. {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{v}}={\frac {1}{\lambda ^{3}}}g_{3/2}(f)+{\frac {\langle n_{0}\rangle }{V}}\Leftrightarrow {\frac {\langle n_{0}\rangle }{V}}\lambda ^{3}={\frac {\lambda ^{3}}{v}}-g_{3/2}(f)}, Because the left term on the second equation must always be positive, Since 1995, many other atomic species have been condensed, and BECs have also been realized using molecules, quasi-particles, and photons.[13]. {\displaystyle \ell } ℓ 0 0 > c / ζ and the other half in c → > 3 N {\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}} ⟩ in microscopical approach. = The validity of this approach is actually limited to the case of ultracold temperatures, which fits well for the most alkali atoms experiments. For an ideal Bose gas we have the equation of state: 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\lambda ^{3}}{v}}>g_{3/2}(1)}. T , which are the only values for which the series converge. {\displaystyle \ell } is the per particle volume, ) The phenomena of superfluidity of a Bose gas and superconductivity of a strongly-correlated Fermi gas (a gas of Cooper pairs) are tightly connected to Bose–Einstein condensation. n 1 by In addition, in microgravity, the scientists found that they needed weaker forces to trap the condensates. Crank-Nicolson and equivalently The examples where this could happen are the Bose–Fermi composite condensates,[22][23][24][25] effectively lower-dimensional condensates,[26] and dense condensates and superfluid clusters and droplets. λ n As so, write the equation of state for T ⟨ 0 In comparison, on Earth, scientists would only have hundredths of a single second for the same task. − [63][64] The particle existed for 10−23 seconds and was named d*(2380). 3 As of 2012, using ultra-low temperatures of {\displaystyle \theta } 0 It is the same as flipping a coin with probability proportional to p = exp(−E/T) to land tails. | {\displaystyle g_{\alpha }(f)=\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {f^{n}}{n^{\alpha }}}} About four months later, an independent effort led by Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT condensed sodium-23. ℓ This graph served as the cover design for the 1999 textbook Thermal Physics by Ralph Baierlein. {\displaystyle T