functionalist perspective on deviance
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According to Merton, there are five types of deviance based upon these criteria: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. Functionalists. Deviance provides the key to understanding the disruption and recalibration of society that occurs over time. Though precursors of structural functionalism have been in existence since the mid-1800’s, structural functionalism was solidified by Émile Durkheim in the late nineteenth century. Learning Objectives Emile Durkheim belong to structural-functional school of thought according to him, deviance is healthy for the functioning of society. Rebellion is a special case wherein the individual rejects both the cultural goals and traditional means of achieving them but actively attempts to replace both elements of the society with different goals and means. 12. In urban America 50 years ago, homosexual behavior was considered deviant. Lots More Videos Available on www.precookedsociology.com . On the one hand, this fractured society into those marked as homosexuals and those unmarked as normative heterosexuals. Systems of deviance create norms and tell members of a given society on how to behave by laying out patterns of acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Take, again, the example of homosexuality. In a conflict subculture, youth learn to form gangs as a way to express frustration about the lack of normative opportunity structures in their neighborhood. In a criminal subculture, youth learn to use crime for material gain. Functions of Crime: This is a short clip from the “Functions of Crime” segment of their new seven-part DVD “Short Cuts to Sociology: Crime and Deviance. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Criminal and conflict subcultures demonstrate that individuals can reject the normative means of the culture at large and still find a place within a smaller deviant subculture. However, as traits become more mainstream, society will gradually adjust to incorporate the formerly stigmatized traits. Evaluate the usefulness of functionalist approaches in understanding crime and deviance. A structural functionalist approach emphasizes social solidarity, divided into organic and mechanical typologies, and stability in social structures. Strain theory, social disorganization theory, and cultural deviance theory represent three functionalist perspectives on deviance in society. In his discussion of deviance Merton proposed a typology of deviant behavior that illustrated the possible discrepancies between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve these goals. The retreatist subculture is the exception that proves the rule of illegitimate opportunity structures. A subculture is a group of people with a culture that differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong. In a conflict subculture, youth learn to form gangs as a way to express frustration about the lack of normative opportunity structures in their neighborhood. Cowan and Ohlin used juvenile delinquency as a case study to explore this theory of illegitimate opportunity structures. Goths: Goths are an example of a subculture: A group of people with a culture that differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong. A typology is a classification scheme designed to facilitate understanding. Merton was proposing a typology of deviance based upon two criteria: (1) a person’s motivations or her adherence to cultural goals; (2) a person’s belief in how to attain his goals. He theorizes that crime is necessary and even functional but fails to distinguish between different types of crime. On the one hand, this fractured society into those marked as homosexuals and those unmarked as normative heterosexuals. Some traits that could cause social disruption will be stigmatized. A structural functionalist approach emphasizes social solidarity, divided into organic and mechanical typologies, and stability in social structures. Social strain theory was developed by famed American sociologist Robert K. Merton. Accordingly, what originally appears as a fracturing of society actually reinforces social stability by enabling mechanisms for social adjustment and development. However, as traits become more mainstream, society will gradually adjust to incorporate the formerly stigmatized traits. CC licensed content, Specific attribution, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Deviance%23Structural-Functionalism, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20Parameters, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/structural%20functionalism, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9DgtZ0fbL0, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_theory_(sociology), http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Deviance%23Social-Strain_Typology, http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/social-strain-theory, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mertons_social_strain_theory.svg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultural_theory%23Richard_Cloward_and_Lloyd_Ohlin, http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/conflict-subculture, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate%20opportunity%20structure, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Party_p_391.jpg. The extreme deviance and isolation of individuals affiliated with a retreatist subculture demonstrate that others who engage in deviant behavior are able to find a subculture to which to subscribe. They view deviance as a key component of a functioning society. In urban America 50 years ago, homosexual behavior was considered deviant. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Deviance allows for group majorities to unite around their worldview, often at the expense of those marked as deviant. Deviance provides the key to understanding the disruption and re-calibration of society that occurs over time. They see crime as disrupting social stability, however, they argue that it is inevitable, and can even be beneficial. Some level of deviance is however healthy as it leads to better adaptation of the society. New initiates into the gang will learn how to engage in conflict or gang activities to express frustrations by watching gang leadership. In order to avoid unsettling society, one must be aware of what behaviors are marked as deviant. However, as traits become more mainstream, society will gradually adjust to incorporate the formerly stigmatized traits. Deviance gives room for the majorities to unite on their view against those who marked to as deviant. Apply Merton’s typology of deviance to the real world and give examples for each type. Deviance allows for the majorities to unite around their normativity, at the expense of those marked as deviant. For instance, individuals in the U.S. who sell illegal drugs have rejected the culturally acceptable means of making money, but still share the widely accepted cultural value in the U.S. of making money. Evaluate the usefulness of functionalist approaches in understanding crime and deviance. Furthermore, he explained the functions of deviance in a society. A typology is a classification scheme designed to facilitate understanding. Crimes such as vandalism, for example, can’t be explained by a need for material acquisition. In the context of the U.S., in which prosperity is a social value, one could deviate by rejecting the notion of wealth. ”. Durkheim believes that crime has two positive functions. Deviance allows for group majorities to unite around their worldview, often at the expense of those marked as deviant. For the structural functionalist, deviance serves two primary roles in creating social stability. Being marked as deviant can actually bolster solidarity within the marked community as members take pride and ownership in their stigmatized identity. Structural-Functional Perspective on Deviance. Second, these social parameters create boundaries between populations and enable an “us-versus-them” mentality within different groups. Alternatively, one could deviate by aspiring to a wealthy lifestyle but earning one’s living as a pickpocket. Thus, gangs become a subculture of their own, in contradistinction to the normative, peaceful model of youth behavior. Some traits will be stigmatized and can potentially cause social disruption. (30marks) Functionalists see society as based on value consensus. The Functionalist Perspective on Deviance Functionalism claims that deviance help to create social stability by presenting explanations of non-normative and normative behaviors. As time went on, homosexuality has come to be accepted as somewhat more mainstream. Legal. The Functionalist Perspective on Deviance Functionalism claims that deviance help to create social stability by presenting explanations of non-normative and normative behaviors. The theory states that social structures may pressure citizens to commit crimes.
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